Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fearless.
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If you added up all the times you failed All the times you came up short Would you try again? What if failure wasnt a limitation? What if taking risks was your status quo? What kind of world would you imagine? When global challenges seem overwhelming We need to create unlikely partnerships Experiment with new thinking And set audacious goals. To build a better world To make a real difference We have to take bigger risks Make bigger bets. And if we fail, and fail again, we have to get right back up and dream even bigger. To live in a world worth living We have to let challenge inspire us. We have to take risks, be bold, and if we fail, fail forward.
We have
About the Case Foundation
The Case Foundation, created by Steve and Jean Case in 1997, invests in people and ideas that can change the world, with the ultimate goal of making giving back a part of everyday life. We create and support initiatives that leverage new technologies and entrepreneurial approaches to drive innovation in the social sector and encourage individuals to get involved with the communities and causes they care about. For more information, visit casefoundation.org and follow the Case Foundation at @casefoundation on Twitter and on Facebook at facebook.com/casefoundation.
To Be Fearless is authored by Cynthia Gibson, Ph.D. and Brad Rourke on behalf of the Case Foundation. May 2012 Copyright 2012 by the Case Foundation. This paper may be distributed in its entirety, in print or electronically, without prior permission. A downloadable PDF is available at CaseFoundation.org/BeFearless. When using excerpts, please cite To Be Fearless, The Case Foundation, 2012.
Fearless.
to Be
FEARLESS
What Does It Mean to Be Fearless?
The Case Foundation turns 15 this year, and as we approach that milestone weve been taking a hard look at our own evolution and the world around us. Looking back over the years, we found that we were most successful when we were fearlesswhen we explored and experimentedand the least successful when fear or caution somehow became a dominant driver of decision-making. But what exactly does it mean to Be Fearless? To us, being fearless means setting audacious goals, acting urgently and boldly, being unafraid of risk, being willing to strike unlikely alliances, and accepting the possibility of failure while still pressing forward. We also define being fearless by what its not: its not reckless abandon, foolhardiness or arrogance, or presuming we have all the answers. Earlier this year, we made a commitment to Be Fearless in all that we do at the Case Foundationbut we knew that we couldnt go it alone, or without exploring what this concept of being fearless truly means. We
JEAN CASE
CEO, THE CASE FOUNDATION
It is our hope that this effort will spark a dialogue about how other institutions, philanthropic investors, and individuals trying to drive social change view fearlessness; whether and how theyre applying that concept to their work; and what they have learned in the process. Were putting forward these principles in the hope that others can benefit from them. And were not just talking about them; were incorporating these principles into everything we do at every level of our organization. We believe that doing so will only increase our ability to be innovative and effective social investors. We look forward to being part of a conversation about what it means for our community to Be Fearless. We invite you to join us. Together, lets Be Fearless.
A NOTE FROM
began with some basic assumptions, based on our work with our partners and looking at the landscape of some of the most effective social movements and philanthropic achievements of our time. We then asked Cynthia Gibson and Brad Rourke to test those assumptions, to scour the landscape and explore the characteristics of fearlessness so they could be discussed, debated and put into practice. As a result we have identified five principles that go hand-in-hand with our definition of being fearless. Its important to note that these principles arent rules, but rather, a set of indicators weve found to be at play when operating with a fearless mindset. They dont always operate in tandem or sequentially, and one is not more important than another. We think of them as a set of markers that can help identify when decisions are being made fearlessly. Together, we believe they form a powerful way of thinking about effective philanthropy and change-makingone that we think will be important in meeting the challenges that confront us.
Meanwhile, those of us charged with finding or funding solutions to chronic social challengesphilanthropy, government, nonprofitsseem to be moving too slowly and are often operating with the same set of tools, concepts, and cautions of the generations before us. If were going to keep up with the rapid pace of change and the daunting volume and complexities of these challenges, we must rethink traditional models. The old way of doing things is simply no longer effective in this new world. Its time for us to be bold, act with urgency, and resist the tendency to let caution be our guide. Its time for us to Be Fearless.
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WHAT IT TAKES TO
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BIGBETS HISTORY.
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So many organizations have a natural caution that leads them to make incremental changes. They look at what seemed to work in the past, and they try to do more of it.
But taking the easy road can trap good organizations in an endless cycle of small steps when they should be striding forward. Jim Collins and Jerry Porras underscored this in their sixyear study of high-performing companies, the results of which appear in their best-selling book, Built to Last. Chief among their findings was that the most successful companies are those that set BHAGsbig, hairy, audacious goalsfor themselves.
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the most significant cultural transformations occur when one or more people simply decide to try and make big change,
rather than move incrementally.
Another innovator who isnt afraid to take big risks is Starbucks CEO Howard Schultz. Recognizing that government is an important source of support for low-income community development, but also that it often cannot react swiftly to urgent needs, Schultz partnered with the Opportunity Finance Network to launch the new Create Jobs for USA program. The initiative gives capital grants to select community development financial institutions (CDFIs), which then provide financing to support small businesses, housing development, and start-up enterprises in underserved communities. Schultz also wasnt afraid to take a bold and public stance on the partisan gridlock in Washington, calling on his fellow CEOs and other donors to stop providing campaign contributions to either party until they put aside political posturing and focused on finding common ground on long-term fiscal issues. Schultz sent a letter to the CEOs of the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. Both CEOs supported the initiative and sent letters of support to the companies listed on their indices. Within a week, 100 other top executives had joined him, including Tim Armstrong of AOL and J.C. Penney Co. Chairman and CEO Myron Ullman. Its too early to know what impact Schultzs actions will have, and his stance was certainly controversial. But while many disagree with his methods, he did make a bold move to try to change the conversation and upend the status quo. While there is a time and place for incremental, safe moves, there is also a clear need for social investors to make big bets on big change.
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EARLYAND OFTEN.
Dont be afraid to go first.
The world moves more quickly today than ever, and our responses have to keep up. To continue to respond creatively, we need to continue to experiment. Just when we think a certain intervention is working, thats when we have to look down the road to see what new tools or new dynamics will challenge our assumptions or provide an even better solution.
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EXPERIMENT
Its this type of thinking that has kept companies like Apple and Southwest ahead of the game. Apples iPod and iTunes disrupted the music industry. Then the company unveiled the iPhone, doing the iPod one better. That device recreated and dominated a new class of handheld device (the smartphone). But Apple didnt stop there. It used the iPhone as a launching pad for yet another new inventionthe iPad. In fact, at time of print, a CNBC survey found that just over half of American homes have at least one Apple product, and nearly a third have two or morethe average American household actually has 1.6 products made by Apple.ii
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customers) as soon as it is viable, and then gather feedback as to how the product might be improved. They incorporate those ideas into the product, which is then reissued. It is quite common for new websites to be released to the public in beta form and stay that way for quite some time as the bugs are addressed and new elements integrated. Googles popular Gmail system, for example, was unveiled in 2004 and only left beta in summer 2009. The emphasis is on the speed of this product revision loop and the quality of feedback. This not only allows learning and innovating to occur as soon as possible in the product design cycle, it also invites customers into the innovation process itselfan open approach that is increasingly the hallmark of successful ventures. This concept is also the cornerstone of a newer technology-minded civic engagement organization Code for America, which is led by Jen Pahlka, a former web and gaming industry executive. CFA, which its staff often refers to as a Peace Corps for geeks, leverages the talents of volunteer coders and developers that work with municipalities across the United States over the course of a year to develop open source solutions to common challenges. The apps that they developsometimes overnight previously would have taken miles of red tape, reams of RFPs, and often overpriced solutions. Pahlka has set out to change the system, and in her TED Talk in 2011, fearlessly asked the audience, Are we just going to be a crowd of voices, or are we going to be a crowd of hands?
making process is never easy for foundations, but Knight decided to take the risk, which it found led to better and more informed funding decisions. In fact, the Knight Foundation has replicated the News Challenge model for several other program areas, including the Knight Arts Challenge and the Knight Community Information Challenge.
should receive some of its money, a process typically shrouded in mystery.iv MIYO resulted in 5,000 applicants and more than 15,000 voters, who used the latest web 2.0 tools to empower applicants to raise funds and supporters. The Foundations research on both the program and the process showed nearly 80 percent of people that applied took action. MIYO led to an explosion of citizen-centered philanthropy efforts from the Case Foundations own Americas Giving Challenge to the Pepsi Refresh Project to scores of Giving Days and open grant competitions.
we need to keep looking around the corner to find the next one. Because
Every new good idea feels as if it may be the last one. But experience shows us that
A CORPORATE FIRST
Panera Breads attempt to get food more efficiently into the hands of hungry people was a truly unprecedented effort that let customers pay what they could afford, particularly in low-income communities. Rather than menus stipulating fixed prices, customers in pilot store locations were greeted with signs suggesting they pay what they could afford. Facing widespread incredulity about this pay what you can model, Panera proved the skeptics wrong. The first establishment in Clayton, Missouri was such a success that the company opened two more Panera Cares locations in Portland, Oregon and Detroit. Today, these eateries are breaking even, with up to 20 percent of customers paying more than the recommended amount and 20 percent paying less. There have been some pitfalls. However, rather than walk away from people in need, Panera hired a community outreach associate who is available to all its customers in these locations and who is helping make the sites welcoming to everyone. In the meantime, Panera is busy opening similar cafes in other areas of the country, according to founder Ronald Saich, and several other restaurant chains are planning to follow suit with their own versions of this unique model.v Experimentation in social change can be difficult for any organization. Every new good idea feels as if it may be the last one. But experience shows us that we need to keep looking around the corner to find the next one. Because todays iPhone is tomorrows Walkman.
FORWARD-THINKING PHILANTHROPY
In philanthropy, the John S. and James L. Knight Foundation has been similarly innovative and forwardthinking in its efforts to improve journalism. Instead of deciding for itself what the best ideas or approaches were, the foundation launched a competition, the News Challenge, to unleash creativity and innovative ideas from people outside the foundation doors. Funding ideas are proposed and commented on by the community before Knight makes its ultimate decisions. This keeps initiatives fresh and ensures that yesterdays good ideas are not just recycled. Knight also tweaks its competition from year to year to reflect what it has learned from past experiences. Initial competitions, for instance, lacked a public comment componentone that would allow people outside of philanthropy to weigh in on good ideas and proposals. Giving up some control of the decision-
With a similar mindset, in 2007 the Case Foundation launched the Make It Your Own Awards to promote a citizen-centered approach to civic engagement, while also testing a democratized approach to philanthropy. The program involved the public in every aspect of decision-making, including setting grant guidelines, serving as proposal reviewers, and voting on which proposals to improve their communities, submitted by thousands of people across the country, should receive grants. This process caught the attention of The New York Times philanthropy reporter Stephanie Strom, who said: In a first, a major foundation is offering the public a direct role in deciding who
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MATTER.
Failure teaches. Learn from it.
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With innovation comes the risk of failure. Every great innovator has experienced moments of failure, but the truly great among them wear those failures as badges of honor.
Thomas J. Watson, longtime leader of IBM, famously said, If you want to succeed, double your failure rate. Oprah Winfrey was fired from her first job as a television reporter. J. K. Rowling (author of the Harry Potter series) and Charles Schulz (creator of Peanuts) both experienced years of rejection before they saw their work published. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton lost the Democratic nomination for president only to later to become the countrys top global diplomat and the most admired woman in America according to Gallup.vi In the business world, failure is the norm, writes Shikhar Ghosh, a senior lecturer at the Harvard Business School who has held executive positions at several technology-based startups: If failure means liquidating all assets then the failure rate for start-ups is 30 to 40 percent. If defined as not receiving a projected return on investment, failure rates rise to 70 to 80 percent. And if failure is seen as declaring a projection falling short, then the failure rate is a whopping 90 to 95 percent.vii
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MATTER.
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Websites like Admitting Failure (admittingfailure. com) have been created, through which social sector organizations are able to share the hard lessons theyve learned. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation published an anthology, To Improve Health and Health Care, the first four chapters of which are devoted to a discussion of failure and learning from mistakes. The foundation also publishes this information on its website so that everyone has access to what it learned.ix The 2010 meeting of the influential PopTech conferencewhich brings together innovators from various fieldswas called Brilliant Accidents, Necessary Failures and Improbable Breakthroughs. It featured, among others, Kevin Starr, director of the Mulago Foundation, who discussed the role of failure in driving new innovation. Leaders at the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation have commented in several venues about the disappointing results they saw from investments in small schools and early libraries initiatives.
Being an entrepreneur, whether in the private or social sector, is all about blazing new trails something that simply cannot be done without its share of disappointments, embarrassments, and, yes, failures, Robert Sofiaa marketing consultant to the Fortune 500writes. Sofia thinks that failure can be a good thing because the way in which we respond to our failures has the power to shape us. If we sulk, falter, and permanently fail, we risk being shaped in a damaging way. If we take specific steps to overcome our failures, learn from them, and improve as a result, they will make us stronger. But, of course, everyone knows that. The challenge lies in actually doing it.viii Historically, the social sector has not been good at admitting failure. In philanthropy, funders have had little incentive to talk about their failures, in part due to the lack of public accountability and in part so as not to damage the reputations of grantees. Nonprofits, which receive funding from foundations and other philanthropic entities based on results, are understandably reluctant to discuss failures for fear that their funding will be terminated. In recent years, however, there has been a small, but growing movement across the social sector to FEAR step up and admit where mistakes were made.
pumped into a storage tank surrounded by billboard ads and then was available on demand in villages that needed it. The concept seemed so simpleand so promising. Unfortunately, it didnt work as planned. Faced with unanticipated problems, the temptation to just push harder was great, as was the temptation for the Case Foundation to cut its losses and move on. Instead, the foundation swallowed hard and supported significant changes in the organization that would make it more effective. At the same time, the foundation committed to being transparent about the misstep and why the change was necessary. In fact, Case Foundation CEO Jean Case published a blog post on the foundations website entitled The Painful Acknowledgement of Coming up Short, which detailed the challenges and the plans going forward.xiv As funders, sometimes its easier to back away when it looks as if things arent going as planned. But its important to be steadfastand to find new and different ways to drive the social change you were seeking in the first place, and to be honest about what you learned so you or others will not make the same mistakes. When funders work with grantees and partners to solve problems as they arise, they increase the likelihood that both parties will succeed in reaching their goals. That means, however, that funders have to be open toand anticipatethe need for course correction. Its natural to be afraid to fail. No one seeks it. But if everyone commits to sharing lessons from failure, the sector as a whole will be stronger and more prepared to attack the next challenge.
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Theres no question that working with known or proven organizations is usually more comfortable than reaching out to entities that are unfamiliar. Philanthropy is no exception. Its still more common to see social investors going with who they knowreaching out to the same likely suspectseven when these organizations may not be the most effective.
Partnerships with new players and across sectors tend to be few and far between. Sticking with the tried and true may help us sleep better at night, but it stifles innovation and makes it hard to make the big bets necessary to move the needle on the serious problems we face. A fearless approach embraces new people and unlikely partnerships, recognizing that innovation comes from new combinations.
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BUBBLE.
REACH
BEYOND YOUR
UPP led to a $50 million cross-sector venture fund, Sadara Ventures, to build the Palestinian ICT community. It also led to a partnership with Google to train developers; the establishment of several youth centers that received coaching from the Boys and Girls Clubs of America; dozens of multinational corporate partnerships with companies like Cisco, Intel, Microsoft, and Hilton to support issues ranging from tourism to teaching; and regular investment and partnership conferences. UPP became the model for the Obama Administrations Partners for a New Beginning initiative, and together the efforts have collaborated to launch or expand more than 70 cross-sector social projects in 10 countries. Partnerships within a particular sector can also be incredibly valuable. When the opportunity arose to partner with the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation to create a cross-sector effort supporting job creation through entrepreneurship, the Case Foundation took a leap, even though it hadnt traditionally been involved in domestic economic development issues and had not worked with the Kauffman Foundation before. With the realization that no amount of philanthropic investment could replace a healthy economy and Americans at work, the Case Foundation enthusiastically combined its expertise in public-private partnerships and its entrepreneurial roots with the Kauffman Foundations deep expertise in entrepreneurship education and grantmaking to create the Startup America Partnership. Since launching in 2011, the Startup America Partnership has secured more than a billion dollars in resources from the private sector to support startups, launched 20 statewide partnerships, and jump-started a deeper national conversation about the importance of entrepreneurs in growing the economy and creating jobs. Similarly, Taryn Higashi and Geri Mannion recognized the value of collaboration when they founded the Four Freedoms Fund in 2003 to work on immigrant rights at a time when most were skittish about taking on this issue. Higashi, who was at the Ford Foundation at the time, and Mannion, at the Carnegie Corporation of New York, saw that no single funder had the breadth and scope to tackle the issues surrounding new immigrants. Working alone, their organizations would likely have duplicated efforts and diluted impact. Working together, they built a coalition of diverse funders that has since awarded $47 million to 167 grantees across the country, especially in new immigrant-receiving communities.
practices among grassroots social service agencies supporting marginalized people. A central part of the initiatives network is an online space where agencies from around the country can connect, support one another, and build collective knowledge that helps to fuel group learning. This helps to increase the effectiveness of individual participants, as well as produce benefits for their shared fields of practice. As the Monitor Institute notes, these social innovators are pioneering the practice of co-creating knowledge, as they grapple with challenges like building trust (in some cases, among people who have never met in person) and keeping people engaged in spite of information overload. Reaching beyond your bubble is not collaboration for its own sake. It is a fundamental part of being fearless. It spreads risk, but more importantly, it spreads knowledge and deepens impact.
Reaching beyond your bubble involves doing more than adapting new ideas. It calls for forging new partnerships and collaborating within and across various domains, fields, and sectors. This idea has many different namescross-sector collaboration, collective impact, shared value, and morebut at their core, all are professing a similar idea: That if investors want to leverage their impactand that of their granteesworking in partnership is one of the most effective ways to do it. Its not easy, since collaborating often requires giving up some measure of control, as well as the ability to set your own goals and then move to implement them in the ways you think are most appropriate. But, over and over, cross-sector partnerships that buck tradition have proven this African proverb to be true: If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together. Even the Gates Foundation with its vast wealth, reach, and influence has entered into a wide range of partnerships to further any number of objectives.xv
Public-private partnerships
Another example is the U.S.-Palestinian Partnership (UPP), which was launched in 2007 by the White House, the U.S. State Department, and global business and philanthropic leaders. UPP, of which Case Foundation CEO Jean Case served as founding co-chair, was focused on creating economic and educational opportunity for the Palestinian people. The Partnership was created out of recognition that the U.S. private sector was uniquely situated to contribute to addressing these goals, in a manner which the U.S. government, despite its wealth, could not do alone. FEAR
go far,go together.
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Its natural to want to study a problem and look at it from all angles before taking action. What if we are wrong about our intended solution? What if there is a better way that we have not considered? Have we done our due diligence?
These are important questions in philanthropy, and they should receive consideration. Its easy, however, to get stuck in a spiral of contemplation where perpetual study replaces action. This is the well-known concept of paralysis of analysis. That doesnt mean organizations shouldnt take the time to assess the data and review the research, but sometimes in philanthropy and nonprofits alike, this becomes an end unto itself, rather than a means to meet needs that often cant wait for a five-year, double-blind study.
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ABC hastens the drug discovery process for promising brain cancer treatments by bridging the gap between academics that do research and the companies that bring treatments to patients. In 2004, ABC discovered an experimental drug, Avastin, that seemed to be exceptionally promising but hadnt yet been subject to in-depth, long-term testing. ABC helped to push for the clinical trials to be moved up and expedited. Those efforts resulted in FDA approval of the drug in 2009 for brain tumor patientsthe first such approval in a decade. The Avastin discovery was one step toward finding solutions that will extend the lives of people with brain cancer. But ABC CEO Max Wallace is pushing even harder. He wants ABC to be the Seal Team Six of brain cancer research organizations: laser-focused and attacking the hardest parts of a problem. He has a goal to extend the lives of people living with brain cancer from 15 months to five years by 2015. He says, You dont waste lives. You dont waste time. You attack the problem.
Unpopularity
Sometimes, having an attitude of urgency takes the form of championing an unpopular cause that has not captured public attention or support, but that demands immediate attention. Thats what prompted the launch of two new organizations to support veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars: Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA) and Give an Hour, led by Iraq Army veteran Paul Rieckhoff, and psychologist Barbara Van Dahlen, respectively. In 2004, Rieckhoff, who served in Iraq prior to founding IAVA, saw that veterans faced a range of issues when they returned home, such as finding civilian jobs, going back to school, accessing mental health services, and connecting with vets and others in their communities. While many policy experts and reporters talked about these issues, few were doing anything about the problems. Rieckhoff established IAVA, the countrys first and largest organization for Iraq and Afghanistan veterans, which has since grown to more than 200,000 members who now have new tools and platforms to join the national conversation and advocate for their rights. Van Dahlen, a psychologist, noticed that many veterans were suffering from posttraumatic stress
disorder and other mental health challenges. She found that it was not only difficult for veterans to access affordable mental health services when they needed them, but also that there was a stigma attached to mental health issues in the military that prevented many people from getting help when they needed it. The need for additional support was, and remains, incredibly urgent; some studies report that one in five veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan suffer from traumatic brain injury or posttraumatic stress disorders, and for every soldier who dies on the battlefield this year, 25 veterans will kill themselves. Van Dahlen founded Give an Hour to provide a platform that allows mental health professionals to donate their time to the many veterans in need. Since its founding,
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Much of the time we get it right. Some of the time, in the case of people like Ray Chambers, Max Wallace, Barbara Van Dahlen, or Paul Rieckhoff, we exceed expectations; but in most cases we at least approach our work with the best intentions and true faith to make a difference.
INVITATION
Step One: Have A Conversation Step Two: Commit
We believe that the best place to start is by having a conversation in your own organization or community about what being fearless means to you. Below is a set of questions that might help spark a thoughtful discussion at your next staff event, retreat, or conference. First, ask internally, and then ask the same questions to partners and constituents you know will be honest. 1. MAKE BIG BETS
Can we categorize our work into big bets versus small ones? Have we noticed a difference in effect when weve funded one or the other? What is our riskiest initiative? What do we hope to gain from it? If fear wasnt an option, what are some big bets we would take in respect to our work?
TO YOU
We hope to spark conversation around the idea that the old way of doing things is simply no longer effective. Our best intentions, hopes, and desires are not enough when needs are outpacing resources and challenges are becoming more complex by the day. The social sector, and especially philanthropy, does not have natural market forces like customers and groundbreaking products from competitors that ensure the status quo is disrupted. This means we have to hold ourselves and each other accountable to acting with a mindset towards disruption, big bets, experimentation, failing forward, unlikely alliances, and urgency. We need to ensure that we stay ahead of the curve, and demand that todays challenges and fears are the building blocks of tomorrows solutions and dreams.
At the Case Foundation, we are committed to letting these ideals drive our decision-making. We invite others to consider the same thing. Go to casefoundation.org/befearless and join with other social sector leaders who are pledging to do their best to be fearless. There is strength in numbers, and this is one way to make those numbers visible.
whats next?
We and our partners have learned a lot during the past 15 years, and we know we still have much to learn as we move forward in our work. Here are some suggestions for getting started with us:
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ENDNOTES
i ii
Collins, J. & Porras, J. (1997). Built to Last- Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. New York: Harper Business
Clark, S. Apple Products Now in Half of American Homes. WebProNews. March 28, 2012. http://www.webpronews.com/apple-products-now-in-over-half-of-american-homes-2012-03 Retrieved May 17, 2012
iii Kelly, G. To Assign or Not to Assign, That is the Question. Nuts about Southwest. September 19, 2007. http://www.blogsouthwest.com/2007/09/19/to-assign-or-not-to-assign-that-is-the-question/ Retrieved May 17, 2012 iv Strom, S. Foundation Lets Public Help Award Money. The New York Times. June 26, 2007. http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/26/us/26charity.html?ex=1340596800&en=d206ba9e761fda30&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink Retrieved May 17, 2012 v Panera Bread to open two pay-what-you-can cafes. LA Times. February 23, 2012. http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/23/business/la-fi-mo-panera-paywhatyoucan-cafes-20120223;
Pay what you want means zero. San Francisco Grub Street. September 29, 2011. http://sanfrancisco.grubstreet.com/2011/09/pay-what-you-want-means-zero.html; Panera Bread lets diners pay what they can. Christian Science Monitor. May 17, 2011. http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/Change-Agent/2011/0517/Panera-Bread-lets-diners-pay-what-you-can. Retrieved on April 25, 2012
vi Jones, J. Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton Again Top Most Admired List. Gallup. December 27, 2011. http://www.gallup.com/poll/151790/Barack-Obama-Hillary-Clinton-Again-Top-Admired-List.aspx Retrieved April 25, 2012 vii
Ghosh, S. Why Companies Fail and How Their Founders Can Bounce Back. Harvard Business School/Working Knowledge. March 7, 2011. http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item/6591.html Retrieved on April 25, 2012
viii Sofia, R. Can Failure Be a Good Thing? Portfolio.com. January 27, 2012. http://www.portfolio.com/resources/2012/01/27/robert-sofia-on-why-failures-can-be-good-for-entrepreneurs. Retrieved on April 25, 2012 ix
Schimmelpfenneg, S. Following Up on Failure. Chronicle of Philanthropy. March 7, 2011. http://philanthropy.com/blogs/world-view/following-up-on-failure/173 Retrieved on April 25, 2012
Bernholz, L. Failing Forward. P2173. July 27, 2011. http://philanthropy.blogspot.com/2011/07/failing-forward.html Retrieved on April 25, 2012 Gibson, C. Innovation and Impact: Enough Talk, More Do. Nonprofit Quarterly. October 27, 2011. http://www.nonprofitquarterly.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17121 Retrieved on April 25, 2012
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xii Hughes, B. Can Failure Be the Key to Foundation Effectiveness? Center for Effective Philanthropy. January 11, 2010. http://www.effectivephilanthropy.org/blog/tag/learning-from-failure/ Retrieved on April 25, 2012 xiii xiv
Ibid. Also see Brest, P. & Harvey, H. (2008). Money Well Spent: A Strategic Plan for Smart Philanthropy. Bloomberg Press.
Case, J. The Painful Acknowledgement of Coming Up Short. The Case Foundation. May 4, 2010. http://www.casefoundation.org/blog/painful-acknowledgement-coming-short Retrieved May 17, 2012 Gibson, C. & MacKinnon, A. (2010). Funder Collaboratives: Why and How Funders Work Together. Ford Foundation/Grantcraft Scearce, D., Kasper, G. & MacLeod-Grant, H. (Summer, 2010 ). Working Wickily. Stanford Social Innovation Review
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Brad Rourke is a writer, consultant, and essayist based in Rockville, MD. He is a leader in understanding how public-facing organizations can engage better. His clients have included most of the civic engagement groups in the United States as well as foundations and other similar institutions. He is executive editor of the Kettering Foundations issue book series.
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